The
confused identity of this plant is discussed in detail in
The Chileans
11(37):17- 21, 1980. To settle the confusion (or add to it?), Ritter
described a neotype from Morro Copiapó, near Caldera. The plant that was
reported for many years from 'near Antofagasta' was described by Harry
Middleditch as Copiapoa
atacamensis which in turn has been reduced to Copiapoa
calderana subsp. atacamensis.
Note When Britton & Rose
proposed the Genus Copiapoa in 1922, Copiapoa
marginata was designated the Type Species.
Original
Publication
Echinocactus
marginatus Salm-Dyck, 1845 Allg. Gartenz. 13:386
Original Description
Echinocactus
caulo ellipsoideo cinerascente lurido-viridi vertice lanato 10 costato,
costis parum convexis, pulvillis omnino confluentibus convexis
nigro-tomentosis; aculeis exterioribus 5-7 radianter patulis rigidis rectis
primo badiis dein cinerascentibus, infimo atque centrali solitario
validioribus; floribus luteis, laciniis exterioribus lanceolato-acutis,
interioribus erectis obtusis cum mucronulo.
Translated
from Otto‘s Allgem. Gartenztg. No. 49, 1845 by
G.J. Swales
(Latin) and E. W. Bentley (German)
and published in The Chileans:
(From the
Latin)
Echinocactus
with ellipsoid stem drab greyish-green, woolly at the top, 10 ribbed, ribs
slightly convex, areoles entirely confluent bearing convex tufts of black
felted wool; outer spines 5-7 spreading straight outwards, rigid, straight,
at first chocolate brown afterwards becoming greyish; the lowermost and the
single central spine more strongly growing; flowers yellow with outer petals
acute-lanceolate, inner petals upright, obtuse, with very short terminal
point.
(From the
German)
The
stem is 6½“ high, 3½“ thick, narrowed towards the top and the base, with
domed crown which is furnished with dense white wool. lt has ten ribs, drab
ashen-green, which are rounded off towards the top but flattened nearer the
base, with very obtuse grooves between. The broad areoles are almost round,
flowing together and covered with black felt. The 5-7 radial spines, of
which the lowest is longer and stronger, are more or less standing out in a
radiating manner. The single central spine is one inch long and standing
straight out; all are stiff and straight, at first chestnut brown, later
going ash-grey and under the magnifying glass are seen to be marked with
faint lines. The outer flower petals are upright, lanceolate, pointed and of
reddish colour, becoming gradually longer and broader above; the inner
flower petals are yellow, broad, blunt with a barely noticeable pointed top.
The crowded filaments as well as the anthers are yellowish; the style is
thick and hollow, the eleven stigma lobes yellow.
Distribution
(click on images to enlarge)
References in Literature
|
|
|
|
Pfeiffer Abbild. u. Beschr.
Cact. II. pl 30 |
|
Pfeiffer described the plants
as well but hesitated too long, so that when he published Abbild. Beschr.
Cact. 2, he retracts his hitherto unpublished description |
|
|
|
|
Britton & Rose, 1922, The Cactaceae (3):86-87
Synonyms :
Echinocactus
marginatus Salm-Dyck,
Allg. Gartenz. 13:386. 1845.
Echinocactus
columnaris
Pfeiffer,
Abbild. Beschr. Cact.
2: under p1. 14. 1847.
Echinocactus streptocaulon
Hooker
in Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 77: p1. 4562.
1851.
Echinocactus melanochnus Cels
in Labouret, Monogr. Cact. 174. 1853. |
|
from Britton &
Rose The Cactaceae volume 3 page 86 - 87
Plants subcylindric, growing in
clusters of 2 to 9, usually erect, but when old often 6 din. long and
spreading with ascending tips, about 12 cm. in diameter; ribs 8 to 12, low,
separated by broad intervals; young areoles and tops of flowering plants
filled with masses of soft brown hairs; areoles large, approximate, the
adjoining ones usually touching; spines 5 to 10, unequal, subulate, stout,
the longer one 3 cm. long; flowers small, 2.5 cm. long; outer perianth-segments
broad, obtuse, with red tips; inner perianth-segments yellow; stamens
included; fruit naked, small, 8 mm. long; seeds black, shining.
Type locality: Chile.
Distribution: Coastal hills of Antofagasta, Chile.
The four
species, referred below [= left] as synonyms of this one, were described
between 1845 and 1853 and may have come from the same source. Two of them
are said to have been from Bolivia, but at the time they were described,
Antofagasta, now a part of Chile, belonged to Bolivia. Dr. Rose, when
collecting in Chile in 1914 (No. 19410), found these plants very common on
the dry hills above Antofagasta, and a number of fine specimens were sent to
the New York Botanical Garden.
We are following
Pfeiffer in referring E. columnaris to this species. According to
Pfeiffer, both species came from Valparaiso, Chile, but Dr. Rose could find
no plant of this relationship about Valparaiso. Mr. Sohrens, whom we
consulted, believes that Pfeiffer’s station was wrongly recorded.
Illustrations:
Pfeiffer, Abbild. Beschr. Cact. 2: pl. 30,
as Echinocactus marginatus; Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 77: p1. 4562;
Loudon. Encycl. P1. ed. 3. 1378. f. 19376, as Echinocactus streptocauIon.
Figure 99 is copied
from the second illustration above cited.
|
|
|
|
|
Backeberg C. 1959,
Die Cactaceae vol. 3:1906
|
|
Backeberg notes that this taxon
is often found (at that time) in collections named as Echinocactus
columnaris Pfeiffer, placed in synonymy by Britton & Rose. |
|
|
|
|
Salm Dyck,
The Chileans 11(37):17, 1979
|
|
Article that
includes translation
from Otto‘s
Allgem. Gartenztg. No. 49, 1845 by
G.
J. Swales
(Latin) and E. W. Bentley (German)
included as the original description above. |
|
|
|
|
Ritter F. 1980, Kakteen in Südamerika (3):1054
|
|
Ritter surmises that it is
surprising that in selecting the type species of their new genus Copiapoa,
Britton & Rose made a mistake by selecting plants from near Antofagasta
under the name of C. marginata. The species occurs farther south, so
that there is some uncertainty about the exact identity of their C.
marginata.
Ritter therefore proposes a
neotype: Prov.Atacama, SW. of Caldera, Morro Copiapó. |
|
|
|
|
Taylor N.P. (1981)
A
commentary on Copiapoa, The Cactus and Succulent Journal of Great
Britain, 43(1/3):
43-49
The
typification of old Copiapoa epithets
|
|
'C.
marginata; Echinocactus marginatus Salm-Dyck (1845). The
original description on its own is insufficient to permit reliable
identification of this name, but its application can be clarified so long
as E. columnaris Pfeiffer (1847), illustrated in Pfeiffer (1850),
is considered to be the same. Its rediscovery by Ritter in 1956, at Morro
Copiapó, SW. of Caldera (Prov. Atacama) may be within the area traversed
by Bridges in 1841. In the past C. marginata has been used in a
different sense by Britton & Rose and Ritter (see Checklist). C.
streptocaulon based on E. streptocaulon Hook. (1851) clearly
must be a synonym of C. marginata as applied here.'
|
|
Taylor n. P. 1981,
A
commentary on Copiapoa , The Cactus and Succulent Journal of Great
Britain, 43(2/3): 49-60
Checklist |
|
The present application of
C. marginata rests on the assumption that Pfeiffer was correct in using
E. marginatus Salm-Dyck (1845) for his E. columnaris (1847),
when he illustrated the latter in 1850. If these taxa are ever considered to
be specifically different (cf. Middleditch in
The Chileans 11(37):[17 - ] 18 - 20 (1980), who draws attention to
discrepancies between the original descriptions), then the correct name for
this species will become ‘C. columnaris’, while C. marginata
must be abandoned for lack of typification.
Taxonomically and geographically between C. echinoides and C.
bridgesii. |
|
|
|
|
Butcher D.
1982, The Genus Copiapoa,
Calandrinia II |
|
Butcher provides an English
description and a photograph of the plant in cultivation. He seems to be
unaware that Ritter has allocated a neotype, from Caldera, as he still
refers to C. marginata from Antofagasta.
He also lists C. marginata var.
magnifica, for two KK numbers: KK 173 and KK
1393. |
|
|
|
|
Hoffmann A. E.
1989, Cactaceas en la flora silvestre de Chile: 124 |
|
Adriana Hoffmann lists two
varieties: var. marginata and var. bridgesii. |
|
|
|
|
Eggli, Schick & Leuenburger,
1995, Englera 16: 192 |
|
Ritter 245a:
Copiapoa marginata
(SaIm-Dyck) Britton
& Rose - The Cact. 3: 86, 1922.
loc. 1:
Chile: "Flamenco Nr. 4“. - "ähnl. Cop. cuprea / bridgesii
var. mit Einschlag von 722“ = similar to Copiapoa cuprea / bridgesii
var. with introgression from 722; FR 722 is Copiapoa calderana
var. spinosior according to KS 4. Originally, the label only gave the
Name as Copiapoa bridgesii, C. cuprea was added later.
SGO
124858 - (corp), ar, sp
loc.
2:
Chile: "Quebrada
Guamanga“.
SGO 124859 -
(corp), ar, sp
loc. 3:
Chile: "Flamenco“. - The
original label first identified this material as “C. streptocaulon ?”
then as "bridgesii var.“, and finally as
"C. rnarginata“.
SGO 124860 - (corp), ar, sp |
|
|
|
Schulz R. & Kapitany A. ,
1996,
Copiapoa in their Environment |
|
The authors concentrate on the
environmental issues rather than the taxonomy and use the name C.
marginata.
Distribution: Chañaral
to Las Lomitas |
|
|
|
|
Charles G. J. , 1998,
Copiapoa |
|
Upholds Adriana Hoffmann's
classification with Echinocactus columnaris Pfeiffer and Copiapoa
(Echinocactus) streptocaulon (Hooker) v. Oosten as synonyms |
|
|
|
|
Hunt D. (Ed.), 2001, Cactaceae
Systematics Initiatives |
|
The name is retained, as the type
species of the genus, as a member of the Marginata group. |
|
|
|
|
Hoffmann A.E. & Walter H. 2004 Cactaceas en la flora silvestre de Chile
(2nd Ed.): 154 |
|
as C. marginata (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose
1922
syn. Copiapoa bridgesii (Pfeifer) Backeberg sensu Ritter;
Copiapoa marginata var. bridgesii (Pfeiffer) Hoffmann
Echinocactus streptocaulon Hooker
Copiapoa streptocaulon (Hooker) Ritter |
|
|
|
PK Comments
|
