C. ferox Lembcke & Backb.
Plant no.8, map 3. KK 620, KK 174.

Body - globular, later elongated with top flattened, 15 cm high to 10 cm across. Pale grey - green, 8 high and sharp ribs, 2 cm high, broad at base; Areoles - 5 mm apart, somewhat sunken with grey felt; Spines - pale ,brown later yellowish - grey, about 10 radials radiating, more or less recumbent, 1 pointed down, 3.2 cm long. Up to 3 centrals, porrect, strong, lower one the longest, to 5 cm; Roots - strong; Habitat - Blanco Encelada - south from Antofagasta. See note under C. conglomerata.  

C. fiedleriana (Schum 1903) Backeb. 
Plant no.58, map 6.

Body - clumping, depressed globular, greyish, with 13 tuberculate ribs. Crown with copious wool; Areoles - depressed; Spines - 4 - 7, subulate 3 cm long; Flower ­ yellow with outer petals green; Roots - turnip - like; Habitat - Vallenar, Huasco, interior valleys.

Note: This was named in 1903 by Schumann and although Britton and Rose mention it under Copiapoa coquimbana, they do not treat it as a synonym, only mention that it appears related. Backeberg erected it as a species and then made it a variety of C. pepiniana. 

Copiapoa pepiniana is also shrouded in doubt. Schumann suggested it was from Chile or Peru but flower and fruit description was unknown. Britton and Rose considered it may be referable to Copiapoa. There appears to be only a glimmer of hope when we read that Rose was confident that he saw Copiapoa fiedleriana just south of Vallenar and Sohrens collected the type specimen in a valley near Vallenar. Because of the poor description and the fact that Ritter found his Copiapoa vallenarensis in the same vicinity, it is possible that they may be the same species.

C. gigantea Backb. 1936. Plant no.16, map 4. KK 80, KK 614.

Body - to 1 m high, 20 cm across, grey green, branching from base. 14 - 22 ribs, almost straight, thickened at areoles. Crown very spiny with reddish or yellowish­brown wool; Areoles - brownish or black; Spines - horny - yellow, tipped darker, spreading, straight or slightly curved. 7 radials 1 - 2 cm long, 1 - 2 centrals; Flower ­yellow; Habitat - 2 km from Paposo, Pampa, Antofagasta.

Note: This species may be distinguished from C. haseltoniana by the shorter more numerous 'orange' coloured spines and less wool. The habitat areas of these two species overlap and Ritter suggests that they are synonymous.

C. goldii Knize n.n. Plant no.20, map 4. KK 603.

Writing in Dodonaeus VI 6 (1968) Knize says that when travelling from Antofagasta along the coast he found four Copiapoa plants which he intended to call C. aurata. In private correspondence with Knize he advised that what he intended to call C. aurata was eventually named C. goldii.. Whether these plants are KK 603 is problematical because KK 603 was found near Chañaral, Esmeralda, which seems to be somewhat south of the area mentioned in the article in 1968.

C. grandiflora Ritt. 1963. Plant no.27, map 4. FR 523.

Body - large, vigorous, grey - green with many high tuberculate ribs. Crown with fawn coloured wool; Areoles - somewhat separated; Spines - orange, tipped black when young, later grey. 6 - 7 long thick radials, mainly appressed. One very thick central 2.5 cm long; Flower - large 3 to 5.5 cm long, pale yellow with pink mid - stripe; Fruit - large, covered with numerous large scales; Habitat­ Esmeralda.

Note: Ritter saw affinity with C. mollicula, whilst Backeberg believed it to be related to C. montana. KK 196 was called C. grandflora in error and Knize advises that it should be C. malletiana. KK 1067 (C. grandiflora) is also in doubt. If it came from Agua Verde as indicated then it must surely be centred around C. imbricata or C. coquimbana.