C. echinata Ritt. Plant no.45, map 5. FR 506, KK 199.

Body-flattened to hemispherical, slightly clumping, to 10 cm across, deep green. Ribs 13 - 21, bluntish, thickened above the areoles; Spines-dense, at first black, then grey, upright. Radials 7 -12, 5 - 15 mm long. 4 - 10 centrals 1.5 - 4 cm long; Flower - yellow 2.75 cm long, 3 cm wide; Fruit-pale green 1 cm across with brown-green scales and shiny black seeds; Roots-turnip-like with marked constriction; Habitat - Carrizal Bay.

Note: Taylor (1981) considers this to be under C, megarhiza.

C. echinata v. borealis Ritt. Plant no.47 , map 5. FR 506A.

The variety differs by having stronger spines, 6 - 9 radials 1 - 2 cm long and 3 - 6 centrals. Habitat is south of Monte Amargo.

C. echinoides (Lem 1845) Br.&R. 
Plant no.3, map 3. KK 94.

Body-solitary, globular to conical, 8 - 13 cm high, 10 cm across, dull green, 12 - 15 ribs. Crown with abundant white or yellowish wool; Areoles-brown, large and round, 1 - 2 cm apart; Spines-brownish passing to grey, 5 - 7 radials, stout, straight or somewhat curved. 1 central porrect, 3 cm long; Flower-bell­shaped, pale yellow, 4 cm long, 3 cm wide. Outer petals narrowly ovate, acute reddish. Inner petals broadly oblong, obtuse, pale yellow; Habitat-Antofagasta. Note: C. boliviana Pfeiffer referred here by Britton and Rose. Taylor (1981) considers that C. dura and C. cuprea should be referred here.

 

C. echinus Knize n.n. Plant no.31, map 4.

According to correspondence Knize found a Copiapoa east of Cifuncho which he intended to call C, echinus, KK 1140 was from Monte Amargo and in his numerical list is called C, echinata which appears to be correct. Some plant material appears to have been incorrectly distributed as C. echinus KK 1140.

C. eremophila Ritt. n.n. Plant no.13, map 4.

Backeberg stated that seedlings are similar to his Copiapoa gigantea, being an olive green colour but with more horn-yellow radial and central spines and with more or less the same number of ribs. Taylor (1981) suggests this should be under C. cinerea v. haseltoniana.  

C. esmeraldana Ritt. 
Plant no.29, map 4. FR 1457.

Considered by Ritter to be close to C. humilis.