C. calderana Ritt. Plant no.42, map 5. Ritt. 507., KK 708.

Body - solitary, hemispherical, later elongated to 10 cm across, greyish - green, not pruinose. Ribs 10 - 17. Areoles - grey, later black, 5 mm across. Spines - brown to black, becoming grey. Radials 5 - 7, to 15 mm long. Centrals 1( - 2), to 3 cm long. Flower 3 - 3.5 cm long, 3 cm wide, scented. Fruit - pale green, reddish above to 15 mm long with glossy black seeds. Habitat - coast of Calderana.

Note: this appears to be a very variable species.

C. carrizalensis Ritt. 1959. Plant no.53, map 6. KK 38.

Body - to 12 cm across, becoming taller and forming clumps to 1 m high. Ribs 15 - 24 to 10 mm high. Crown brown to orange; Areoles - at first brownish­ orange. Spines - brown or black, moderately straight. Radials 4 -  7, to 3 cm long. Centrals 0 - 1 to 4 cm long. Flower - approximately 3 cm long and broad. Some­times golden yellow, usually paler. Fruit - l.5 cm long, green to brown - red with shiny black seeds. Habitat - Carrizal Bay.

Note: Ritter (1980) reduced this, and its variety gigantea to synonyms of C. cinerea v. dealbata.

C. carrizalensis v. gigantea Ritt. 1959.

Appears to vary from the species by having fewer, smaller radial spines and forms larger clumps.

Note: This should not be confused with Copiapoa gigantea in the C. cinerea complex.

C. castanea Ritt. n.n. Plant no.37 , map 5.

Body - flat - round, numerous ribs divided into tubercles, dirty chestnut - brown. Spines - reddish - brown, paler at base, later turning white, 8 radials, 1 straight central. Habitat - Chanaral.

Note: Now a variety of  C. serpentisulcata Ritter 1980.

C. chanaralensis Ritt. n.n. Plant no.35, map 5. Ritt. 527., KK 112., KK 602.

 Body - broadly spherical, olive greenish. Ribs numerous, less tuberculate than C. castanea. Apical wool white in seedlings. Spines - brownish at first, then paler, brown tipped. 8 radials and 1 central. Habitat - Chanaral.

Note: Ritter (1980) treats this species in the same section as C. humilis.

C. cinerascens (SD 1845) Br.&R. Plant no.41, map 5. Ritt. 524:., KK 176.

Body - green, globular, 8 cm across with 20 ribs, 1.5 - 2 cm high, thickened at areoles. Crown with grey wool. Areo1es - 2 cm apart, large. Spines - yellowish­brown, black to greyish with age. 8 radials 1 cm long, 1 - 2 centrals 2 - 2.5 cm long, stouter. Flower - yellow, outer petals acute, often recurved, inner petals lanceolate, toothed. Habitat.;: - Copiapo.

C. cinerascens v. intermedia Ritt. Plant no.62, map 6. KK 726.

Body - broad round, leafy green to bluish - green. Ribs divided into blunt, cone­shaped almost cylindrical tubercles, spirally arranged; Spines - about 10, moder­ately strong, radiating porrect radials. In the bluish - green form about 4 centrals darker brown with lower parts reddish. In the leafy green form about 1 - 2 centrals, at first yellowish - brown, soon whitish. On average all centrals are a little stronger and longer than the radials. Habitat - Chile!

Note: Ritter includes C. applanata here.

C. cinerea (Phil) Br.&R. 
Plant no.9, map 4. KK 77, KK 1434, KK 624, KK 92.

Body - at first globular, later columnar to 1.3 m high, forming clumps. In­dividual heads to over 10 cm across. Ribs 14 - 30, more or less oblique. Body chalky white, crown greyish - white; Areoles - a little raised; Spines - variable, awl - like, black. 1 - 7 radials to 2 cm long, 1 - 2 centrals to 3.5 cm long; Flower­to 3.5 cm long and broad. Pure yellow with outer petals more reddish - yellow; Habitat - Paposo, Taltal to Cobre.

C. cinerea v. albispina Ritt. 
Plant no. 18, map 4. KK 610, Ritt. 207A.

Body - small with 12 - 21 ribs; Spines - apparently only radials, 0 - 6, pale brown or white, 2 - 5 cm long, straight or sometime curved; Habitat - north - east Taltal.

C. cinerea alba

C. cinerea v. columna - alba (Ritt.) Backb. Plant no.26, map 4. KK 611.

Body - to 75 cm high and 20 cm across. Ribs 27 - 47, crown more or less orange; Spines - yellowish to black with 4 - 5 radials 8 mm long and 1 - 3 centrals to 2 cm long; }1ower - to 3 cm long, pale yellow; Habitat - south of Cifuncho.

Note: Taylor (1981) suggests that C. melanohystrix should be included here.

C. cinerea v. dealbata (Ritt.) Backb. Plant no.52, map 6. KK 1438.

Body - semiglobular, soft bodied; Spines: - black, mostly one, but about three when the lowest is the longest; Flower - 3.5 cm long and wide; Fruit - greenish­white, light reddish with almost dull, black seeds; Habitat - south of Totoral.

Note: Knize considers that there are two sub - varieties longispina (KK 609) and deminuta (KK 1383). C. cinerea. v. dealbata now includes C. carrizalensis according to Ritter (1980), and may also include C. minima according to Taylor (1981).

C. cinerea v. haseltoniana (Backb.) Taylor
syn. C. gigantea.

See C. gigantea and C. haseltoniana.

Note: Taylor (1981) suggests C. eremophila should be included here.

C. conglomerata (Phil) Lembcke

Body - globular, clumping with plants to 1,8 m across; Habitat - south of 24° Lat., between Blanco Encelada and El Cobre.

Note: For full description see C. ferox. Britton and Rose reduced Echinocactus conglomeratus to synonymity under Copiapoa cinarescens. In 1966 Lembcke resurrected it to specific status and treated Copiapoa ferox and Piloocopiapoa solaris as synonyms of it. Subsequently, Ritter (1980) reduced C. conglomerata and C. ferox to synonyms of C. solaris.

C. coquimbana (Karw 1885) Br.&R. Plant no. 67, map 7. KK 1, KK lA, KK 22, KK 1387, KK 1388, KK 1435.

Body - cylindrical, mainly clumping, 60 cm high, 12 cm across, pale green with 10.17 obtuse ribs, somewhat tubercled; Spines - black to grey, 8 - 10 slender straight or somewhat recurved radials. or 2 stouter straight centrals 1.5 to 2.5 cm long; Flower -  0uter petals linear, green, inner petals broader, clear yellow; Habitat  -  Coquimbo, La Serena.

Note 
Ritter considers the Britton and Rose plant to be his C. pseudocoquimbana whereas variety wagenknechtii is closer to the true C. coquimbana.

• v. longispina KK 183

• v. microsperma KK 46

• v. procera KK 710

C. coquimbana v. wagenknechtii Ritt. Plant no.68, map 7. FR 718.

Body - globular, dark green with narrow ribs and strong round tubercles; Spines ­ strong, black, lighter at base, awl-shaped but sometimes curved, becoming claw. like, 6.7 radials 4 cm long. Sometimes one central curved upwards; Flower ­ large, 4.5.5 cm across; Root - short, cylindrical taproot; Habitat - El Tambo.

C. cuprea Ritt. 
Plant no.55, map 6. FR 510, KK 21, KK 188.

Body - solitary, green, 10 cm high and 15 cm across. 11.17 ribs approximately 20 mm high, slightly warty and notched. Crown very woolly, grey; Spines - black, curved backwards, 6.10 radials to 25 mm long. 1 central on older plants 2.5 cm long; Flower - pale yellow, 3.4 cm long, 3 cm wide, scented; Fruit - carmine, 1.5 cm long and 1.2 cm across, with dull black seeds; Habitat - Huasco, near Nicolasa.

Note
Taylor (1981) suggests that this is closely allied to C. echinoides.

C. cupreata (Pos.) Backb. Plant no.54, map 6. KK 1382.

Body - dark brown, globular, ribs in rhomboid shapes, divided into tubercles with rounded edges and a nose - like protuberance; Areoles - greyish.white; Spines - 5 - 6, top brownish - black, base yellowish, 1.2 cm long, shorter and curved towards the top of the plant; Habitat - said to be from near the coast in Huasco Bay.

Note: Britton and Rose said that this plant was described by Poselger without flower or fruit and that Schumann believed it to be related to Neoporteria nigricans, yet Backeberg believed it to be a valid Copiapoa. This would seem to be a very doubtful species. Taylor (1981) suggests that this could be a form of C. fiedleriana, now in cultivation.